雅思阅读真题精选pdf（雅思阅读真题精选答案）

对于很多准备考雅思的同学来说，雅思阅读是比较难的，那么今天就和出国留学网的小编一起来了解一下这篇雅思阅读真题精选。

NatureorNurture？

AAfewyearsago，inoneofthemostfascinatinganddisturbingexperimentsinbehaviouralpsychology，StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifefortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya‘leader’inasituationinwhichthesubjectsmightfeelapersonaldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform.SpecificallyMilgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject’thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducation，andwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupils’abilitytolearn.

BMilgram’sexperimentalset-upinvolvedplacingtheteacher-subjectbeforeapanelofthirtyswitcheswithlabelsrangingfrom‘15voltsofelectricity（slightshock）’to‘450volts（danger—severeshock）’instepsof15voltseach.Theteacher-subjectwastoldthatwheneverthepupilgavethewronganswertoaquestion，ashockwastobeadministered，beginningatthelowestlevelandincreasinginseveritywitheachsuccessivewronganswer.Thesupposed‘pupil’wasinrealityanactorhiredbyMilgramtosimulatereceivingtheshocksbyemittingaspectrumofgroans，screamsandwritingstogetherwithanassortmentofstatementsandexpletivesdenouncingboththeexperimentandtheexperimenter.Milgramtoldtheteacher-subjecttoignorethereactionsofthepupil，andtoadministerwhateverlevelofshockwascalledfor，aspertherulegoverningtheexperimentalsituationofthemoment.

CAstheexperimentunfolded，thepupilwoulddeliberatelygivethewronganswerstoquestionsposedbytheteacher，therebybringingonvariouselectricalpunishments，evenuptothedangerlevelof300voltsandbeyond.Manyoftheteacher-subjectsbalkedatadministeringthehigherlevelsofpunishment，andturnedtoMilgramwithquestioninglooksand/orcomplaintsaboutcontinuingtheexperiment.Inthesesituations，Milgramcalmlyexplainedthattheteacher-subjectwastoignorethepupil’scriesformercyandcarryonwiththeexperiment.Ifthesubjectwasstillreluctanttoproceed，Milgramsaidthatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.Hisfinalargumentwas‘youhavenootherchoice.Youmustgoon’.WhatMilgramwastryingtodiscoverwasthenumberofteacher-subjectswhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestlevelsofshock，eveninthefaceofstrongpersonalandmoralrevulsionagainsttherulesandconditionsoftheexperiment.

DPriortocarryingouttheexperiment，Milgramexplainedhisideatoagroupof39psychiatristsandaskedthemtopredicttheaveragepercentageofpeopleinanordinarypopulationwhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestshocklevelof450volts.Theoverwhelmingconsensuswasthatvirtuallyalltheteacher-subjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter.Thepsychiatristsfeltthat‘mostsubjectswouldnotgobeyond150volts’andtheyfurtheranticipatedthatonlyfourpercentwouldgoupto300volts.Furthermore，theythoughtthatonlyalunaticfringeofaboutonein1，000wouldgivethehighestshockof450volts.

EWhatweretheactualresults？Well，over60percentoftheteacher-subjectscontinuedtoobeyMilgramuptothe450-voltlimitinrepetitionsoftheexperimentinothercountries，thepercentageofobedientteacher-subjectswasevenhigher，reaching85percentinonecountry.Howcanwepossiblyaccountforthisvastdiscrepancybetweenwhatcalm，rational，knowledgeablepeoplepredictinthecomfortoftheirstudyandwhatpressured，flustered，butcooperative‘teachers’actuallydointhelaboratoryofreallife？

FOne’sfirstinclinationmightbetoarguethattheremustbesomesortofbuilt-inanimalaggressioninstinctthatwasactivatedbytheexperiment，andthatMilgram’steache-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimalurgeontothepupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock.Amodernhard-coresociobiologistmightevengosofarastoclaimthatthisaggressiveinstinctevolvedasanadvantageoustrait，havingbeenofsurvivalvaluetoourancestorsintheirstruggleagainstthehardshipsoflifeontheplainsandinthecaves，ultimatelyfindingitswayintoourgeneticmake-upasaremnantofourancientanimalways.

GAnalternativetothisnotionofgeneticprogrammingistoseetheteacher-subjects’actionsasaresultofthesocialenvironmentunderwhichtheexperimentwascarriedout.AsMilgramhimselfpointedout，‘Mostsubjectsintheexperimentseetheirbehaviourinalargercontextthatisbenevolentandusefultosociety—thepursuitofscientifictruth.Thepsychologicallaboratoryhasastrongclaimtolegitimacyandevokestrustandconfidenceinthosewhoperformthere.Anactionsuchasshockingavictim，whichinisolationappearsevil，acquiresacompletelydifferentmeaningwhenplacedinthissetting.’

HThus，inthisexplanationthesubjectmergeshisuniquepersonalityandpersonalandmoralcodewiththatoflargerinstitutionalstructures，surrenderingindividualpropertieslikeloyalty，self-sacrificeanddisciplinetotheserviceofmalevolentsystemsofauthority.

IHerewehavetworadicallydifferentexplanationsforwhysomanyteacher-subjectswerewillingtoforgotheirsenseofpersonalresponsibilityforthesakeofaninstitutionalauthorityfigure.Theproblemforbiologists，psychologistsandanthropologistsistosortoutwhichofthesetwopolarexplanationsismoreplausible.This，inessence，istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates，oratleaststronglybiases，theinteractionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment，thatis，theirbehaviour.Putanotherway，sociobiologyisconcernedwithelucidatingthebiologicalbasisofallbehaviour.

Questions14-19

ReadingPassage2hasnineparagraphs，A-I.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation？

WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

14abiologicalexplanationoftheteacher-subjects’behaviour

15theexplanationMilgramgavetheteacher-subjectsfortheexperiment

16theidentityofthepupils

17theexpectedstatisticaloutcome

18thegeneralaimofsociobiologicalstudy

19thewayMilgrampersuadedtheteacher-subjectstocontinue

Questions20-22

Choosethecorrectletter，A，B，CorD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes20-22onyouranswersheet.

20Theteacher-subjectsweretoldthatweretestingwhether

Aa450-voltshockwasdangerous.

Bpunishmenthelpslearning.

Cthepupilswerehonest.

Dtheyweresuitedtoteaching.

21Theteacher-subjectswereinstructedto

Astopwhenapupilaskedthemto.

Bdenouncepupilswhomademistakes.

Creducetheshocklevelafteracorrectanswer.

Dgivepunishmentaccordingtoarule.

22Beforetheexperimenttookplacethepsychiatrists

Abelievedthatashockof150voltswastoodangerous.

Bfailedtoagreeonhowtheteacher-subjectswouldrespondtoinstructions.

Cunderestimatedtheteacher-subjects’willingnesstocomplywithexperimentalprocedure.

Dthoughtthatmanyoftheteacher-subjectswouldadministerashockof450volts.

Questions23-26

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2？

Inboxes23-26onyouranswersheet，write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

23SeveralofthesubjectswerepsychologystudentsatYaleUniversity.

24Somepeoplemaybelievethattheteacher-subjects’behaviourcouldbeexplainedasapositivesurvivalmechanism.

25Inasociologicalexplanation，personalvaluesaremorepowerfulthanauthority.

26Milgram’sexperimentsolvesanimportantquestioninsociobiology.