在托福阅读中,同学们遇到的题型是非常多的,而在这个时候,同学们需要了解不同的题型有哪些解答的方法,那么接下来就和出国留学网来看看托福作者目的题解析。作者目的题,也叫做修辞目的题,但其实在TPO中它的范围更广,除了举例说明概述题外,还有类似段...
在托福阅读中,同学们遇到的题型是非常多的,而在这个时候,同学们需要了解不同的题型有哪些解答的方法,那么接下来就和出国留学网来看看托福作者目的题解析。
作者目的题,也叫做修辞目的题,但其实在TPO中它的范围更广,除了举例说明概述题外,还有类似段落关系方面的题。既然是作者目的题,此题型首先考察的就是考生是否可以准确的进行换位思考,了解作者的意图。
我们将作者目的进行了归类,这就包括:提供信息(inform),定义(define),解释(explain),例证(illustrate),比较(compare),对比(contrast),批评(criticize)等。下文中我将对此题型的常见出题方法进行解析:
作者目的题常见的出题形式如下:
?Whydoestheauthormention/include/use…?
?Theauthor…inorderto…
?Theauthorusestheexampleto…?
?…for…purpose?
这种题目一般问的是作者举某个例子,说某句话的目的是什么且在考试时一般题目中的例子会标黑以方便考生寻找(也有不标注的情况)。一般来讲,托福阅读的文章框架相对清晰,作者在举例子时一定是为了说明自己的观点。
所以,对于考生来说需要先找到例子的所在句,然后往前阅读找到例子支撑的观点句即可。如:
ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersoftheNorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150elkand20deer.
TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?
numberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.
oftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.
ewasmoregameforhuntingintheEastoftheUnitedStatesthanintheWest.
vidualexplorerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.
解析:根据较容易定位的人名到段落第三句“FamousexplorersoftheNorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.”
意思是:北美边境有名的探险者,Lewis和Clark在落基山西边很难找到捕猎动物并且直到十二月二号才捕到第一只鹿。
这是一个例子,所以我们就往前阅读看段落首句——段首句往往是段落中的重中之重。“ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.”意思是:鹿的数量自从欧洲人进入PugetSound地区后就发生了显著的波动。所以明显的这句话才是例子要支持的观点,显而易见我们可以得出选项A是正确答案。
第二种类型依然是找作者观点,但是答案却不像上文那样而是向后寻找,比如这篇文章:
Muchoftheworld'sgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.Someoftheworld'sfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.
Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebyplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,acurvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.
Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthecenturies.
Whydoestheauthorincludeadescriptionofhowthe"doorwaysandwindows"ofMachuPicchuwereconstructed?
indicatethatthecombinedskeletonsandskinsofthestonebuildingsofMachuPicchuweresimilartoigloosandadobestructures.
indicatethedifferentkindsofstonesthathadtobecuttobuildMachuPicchu.
provideanillustrationofthekindofconstructionthatwasrequiredbeforearcheswereinvented.
explainhowancientbuildersreducedtheamountoftimenecessarytoconstructbuildingsfromstone.
解析:我们可以利用题干中的“doorwaysandwindows”ofMachuPicchu定位至段落第四行,按照之前的方法阅读会发现前文并不难理解,讲述了最早的建筑都是由石头构成还有石头盖房的好处,并且在秘鲁的安第斯山脉上有最好的石头建成建筑的遗迹。但是,悲伤的事发生了,在选项中并没有一个合适的。所以,在ETS出题的过程中有些作者目的题的答案是在例子的后面。于是就可以往后阅读,会发现文章中有这样的描写:
“Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,...”也就是“(设计师们)必须在克服石头的物理限制以及新建筑形式发展之前发明出建筑结构,这就是拱形结构,……”那么,结合上下文之后作者为什么要提“马丘比丘的门和窗”呢?选择答案易如反掌是C。
常规类型的第三种是观点和例子结合成了一句话,如:
Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood(Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury.)Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.Alsobeginninginthethirteenthcentury,therewerenewmapsrefinedbyprecisecalculationsandthereportsofsailorsthatmadeitpossibletotraceone'spathwithreasonableaccuracy.
Certaininstitutionalandpracticalnormshadbecomeestablishedaswell.AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea,whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.Thusbyabout1400,thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.
WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?
provideanexampleofaninstrumentthatwasdevelopedaftercaravelshadbeguntravelingacrossoceans.
provideanexampleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabe.
identifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossible.
explainhowtheproblemofdetermininglongitudewassolved.
解析:根据问题中的关键词magneticcompass可以定位到文章的第五行,但是由于句中的also,可知磁针罗盘和星盘是并列关系,即两者都是重要的航海定位工具,所以C选项是正确答案。此题即例子和观点合成一句话。