年末最后一期雅思考试的真题公布了，大家想必对答案非常感兴趣，那么今天就跟着出国留学网一起看看2019年1月19日雅思阅读真题及答案。Passage1文章题材：说明文（生产制造）文章题目：Topography
年末最后一期雅思考试的真题公布了，大家想必对答案非常感兴趣，那么今天就跟着出国留学网一起看看2019年1月19日雅思阅读真题及答案。
Passage1
文章题材：说明文（生产制造）
文章题目：TopographyIntroductionofprintedbooks（印刷书籍的发展史）
文章难度：★★
文章内容：文章介绍了印刷术的发展，从最初的手抄到书籍的形成。
题型及数量：9填空题+4判断题
题目及答案：
可参考真题：C12T8P1：Thehistoryofglass
Passage2
文章题材：说明文（自然科普）
文章题目：
Section3
澳大利亚原住民和部落
文章难度：★★
文章内容：待补充
题型及数量：待补充
题目及答案：待补充
可参考真题：C6T1P3：ClimatechangeandtheInuit
Passage3
文章题材：说明文（人文实验）
文章题目：员工驱动力
文章难度：★★★
文章内容：文章分别详细介绍了四种员工驱动力（thedrivetoacquire，thedrivetobond，thedrivetocomprehend，thedrivetodefend），以及这四种驱动力对员工在工作中不同方面的影响。
题型及数量：5选择题+3配对题+6判断题
题目及答案：
27.C
28.A
29.D
30.B
31.C
32.A
33.E
34.F
35.NO
36.NOTGIVEN
37.NO
38.YES
39.NO
40.NOTGIVEN
可参考真题：C6T3P2：MotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditions
考试原文：
MotivatingDrives
Scientistshavebeenresearchingthewaytogetemployeesmotivatedformanyyears.Thisresearchinarelationalstudywhichbuildsthefundamentalandcomprehensivemodelforstudy.Thisisespeciallytruewhenthebusinessgoalistoturnunmotivatedteamsintoproductiveones.Buttheirresearchershavelimitations.Itislikestudyingthemovementsofcarwithouttakingouttheengine.
Motivationiswhatdrivespeopletosucceedandplaysavitalroleinenhancinganorganizationaldevelopment.Itisimportanttostudythemotivationofemployeesbecauseitisrelatedtotheemotionandbehaviorofemployees.Recentstudiesshowtherearefourdrivesformotivation.Theyarethedrivetoacquire，thedrivetobond，thedrivetocomprehendandthedrivetodefend.
TheDrivetoAcquire
Thedrivetoacquiremustbemettooptimizetheacquireaspectaswellastheachievementelement.Thusthewaythatoutstandingperformanceisrecognized，thetypeofperksthatisprovidedtopolishthecareerpath.Butsometimesawrittenletterofappreciationgeneratesmoremotivationthanathousanddollarcheck，whichcanserveastheinvisiblepowertoboostbusinessengagement.Successfulorganizationsandleadersnotonlyneedtofocusontheoptimizationofphysicalrewardbutalsoonmovingotherleverswithintheorganizationthatcandrivemotivation.
TheDrivetoBond
Thedrivetobondisalsokeytodrivingmotivation.Therearemanykindsofbondsbetweenpeople，likefriendship，family.Incompany，employeesalsowanttobeanessentialpartofcompany.Theywanttobelongtothecompany.Employeeswillbemotivatediftheyfindpersonalbelongingtothecompany.Inthemeantime，themostcommitmentwillbeachievedbytheemployeeonconditionthattheforceofmotivationwithintheemployeeaffectsthedirection，intensityandpersistenceofdecisionandbehaviorincompany.
TheDrivetoComprehend
Thedrivetocomprehendmotivatesmanyemployeestohigherperformance.Foryears，ithasbeenknownthatsettingstretchgoalscangreatlyimpactperformance.Organizationsneedtoensurethatthevariousjobrolesprovideemployeeswithsimulationthatchallengesthemorallowthemtogrow.Employeesdon’twanttodomeaninglessthingsormonotonousjob.Ifthejobdidn’tprovidethemwithpersonalmeaningandfulfillment，theywillleavethecompany.
TheDrivetoDefend
Thedrivetodefendisoftenthehardestlevertopull.Thisdrivemanifestsitselfasaquesttocreateandpromotejustice，fairness，andtheabilitytoexpressourselvesfreely.Theorganizationalleverforthisbasichumanmotivatorisresourceallocation.Thisdriveisalsometthroughanemployeefeelingconnectiontoacompany.Iftheircompaniesaremergedwithanother，theywillshowworries.
TwostudieshavebeendonetofindtherelationsbetweenthefourdrivesandarticlebasedontwostudieswasfinallypublishedinHarvardBusinessReview.Mostauthors’argumentshavelaidemphasisonfour-drivetheoryandactualinvestigations.UsingtheresultsofthesurveyswhichexecutedwithemployeesfromFortune500companiesandothertwoglobalbusinesses（PcompanyandHcompany），thearticlementionsabouthowindependentdrivesinfluenceemployees’behaviorandhoworganizationalleversboostemployeemotivation.
Thestudiesshowthatthedrivetobondismostrelatedtofulfillingcommitment，whilethedrivetocomprehendismostrelatedtohowmucheffortemployeesspendonworks.Thedrivetoacquirecanbesatisfiedbyarewardingsystemwhichtiesrewardstoperformances，andgivesthebestpeopleopportunitiesforadvancement.Fordrivetodefend，astudyonthemergingofPcompanyandHcompanyshowsthatemployeesinformercompanyshowanunusualcooperatingattitude.
Thekeytosuccessfullymotivateemployeesistomeetalldrives.Eachofthesedrivesisimportantifwearetounderstandemployeemotivation.Thesefourdrives，whilenotnecessarilytheonlyhumandrives，aretheonesthatarecentraltounifiedunderstandingofmodernhumanlife.
